Novel recombinant clostridial neurotoxins with increased duration of effect

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to novel recombinant clostridial neurotoxins exhibiting increased duration of effect and to methods for the manufacture of such recombinant clostridial neurotoxins. These novel recombinant clostridial neurotoxins comprise a random coil domain, and the methods comprise the steps of inserting a nucleic acid sequence coding for a random coil domain into a nucleic acid sequence coding for a parental clostridial neurotoxin and expression of the recombinant nucleic acid sequence comprising the random coil domain-coding sequence in a host cell. The invention further relates to novel recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxins used in such methods, nucleic acid sequences encoding such recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxins, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin with increased duration of effect.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to novel recombinant clostridial neurotoxins exhibiting increased duration of effect and to methods for the manufacture of such recombinant clostridial neurotoxins. These novel recombinant clostridial neurotoxins comprise a random coil domain, and the methods comprise the steps of inserting a nucleic acid sequence coding for a random coil domain into a nucleic acid sequence coding for a parental clostridial neurotoxin and expression of the recombinant nucleic acid sequence comprising the random coil domain-coding sequence in a host cell. The invention further relates to novel recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxins used in such methods, nucleic acid sequences encoding such recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxins, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin with increased duration of effect.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Clostridium is a genus of anaerobe gram-positive bacteria, belonging to the Firmicutes. Clostridium consists of around 100 species that include common free-living bacteria as well as important pathogens, such as Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium tetani. Both species produce neurotoxins, botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin, respectively. These neurotoxins are potent inhibitors of calcium-dependent neurotransmitter secretion of neuronal cells and are among the strongest toxins known to man. The lethal dose in humans lies between 0.1 ng and 1 ng per kilogram of body weight.

Oral ingestion of botulinum toxin via contaminated food or generation of botulinum toxin in wounds can cause botulism, which is characterised by paralysis of various muscles. Paralysis of the breathing muscles can cause death of the affected individual.

Although both botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) and tetanus neurotoxin (TxNT) function via a similar initial physiological mechanism of action, inhibiting neurotransmitter release from the axon of the affected neuron into the synapse, they differ in their clinical response. While the botulinum toxin acts at the neuromuscular junction and other cholinergic synapses in the peripheral nervous system, inhibiting the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and thereby causing flaccid paralysis, the tetanus toxin acts mainly in the central nervous system, preventing the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) and glycine by degrading the protein synaptobrevin. The consequent overactivity in the muscles results in generalized contractions of the agonist and antagonist musculature, termed a tetanic spasm (rigid paralysis).

While the tetanus neurotoxin exists in one immunologically distinct type, the botulinum neurotoxins are known to occur in seven different immunogenic types, termed BoNT/A through BoNT/G. Most Clostridium botulinum strains produce one type of neurotoxin, but strains producing multiple toxins have also been described.

Botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins have highly homologous amino acid sequences and show a similar domain structure. Their biologically active form comprises two peptide chains, a light chain of about 50 kDa and a heavy chain of about 100 kDa, linked by a disulfide bond. A linker or loop region, whose length varies among different clostridial toxins, is located between the two cysteine residues forming the disulfide bond. This loop region is proteolytically cleaved by an unknown clostridial endoprotease to obtain the biologically active toxin.

The molecular mechanism of intoxication by TxNT and BoNT appears to be similar as well: entry into the target neuron is mediated by binding of the C-terminal part of the heavy chain to a specific cell surface receptor; the toxin is then taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis. The low pH in the so formed endosome then triggers a conformational change in the clostridial toxin which allows it to embed itself in the endosomal membrane and to translocate through the endosomal membrane into the cytoplasm, where the disulfide bond joining the heavy and the light chain is reduced. The light chain can then selectively cleave so called SNARE-proteins, which are essential for different steps of neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft, e.g. recognition, docking and fusion of neurotransmitter-containing vesicles with the plasma membrane. TxNT, BoNT/B, BoNT/D, BoNT/F, and BoNT/G cause proteolytic cleavage of synaptobrevin or VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein), BoNT/A and BoNT/E cleave the plasma membrane-associated protein SNAP-25, and BoNT/C cleaves the integral plasma membrane protein syntaxin and SNAP-25.

Clostridial neurotoxins display variable durations of action that are serotype specific. The clinical therapeutic effect of BoNT/A lasts approximately 3 months for neuromuscular disorders and 6 to 12 months for hyperhidrosis. The effects of BoNT/E, on the other hand, last less than 4 weeks. The longer lasting therapeutic effect of BoNT/A makes it preferable for clinical use compared to the other serotypes, for example serotypes B, C₁, D, E, F, and G. One possible explanation for the divergent durations of action might be the distinct subcellular localizations of BoNT serotypes. The protease domain of BoNT/A light chain localizes in a punctate manner to the plasma membrane of neuronal cells, co-localizing with its substrate SNAP-25. In contrast, the short-duration BoNT/E serotype is cytoplasmic. Membrane association might protect BoNT/A from cytosolic degradation mechanisms allowing for prolonged persistence of BoNT/A in the neuronal cell.

In Clostridium botulinum, the botulinum toxin is formed as a protein complex comprising the neurotoxic component and non-toxic proteins. The accessory proteins embed the neurotoxic component thereby protecting it from degradation by digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, botulinum neurotoxins of most serotypes are orally toxic. Complexes with, for example, 450 kDa or with 900 kDa are obtainable from cultures of Clostridium botulinum.

In recent years, botulinum neurotoxins have been used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of dystonias and spasms. Preparations comprising botulinum toxin complexes are commercially available, e.g. from Ipsen Ltd (Dysport®) or Allergan Inc. (Botox®). A high purity neurotoxic component, free of any complexing proteins, is for example available from Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Frankfurt (Xeomin®).

Clostridial neurotoxins are usually injected into the affected muscle tissue, bringing the agent close to the neuromuscular end plate, i.e. close to the cellular receptor mediating its uptake into the nerve cell controlling said affected muscle. Various degrees of neurotoxin spread have been observed. The neurotoxin spread is thought to depend on the injected amount and the particular neurotoxin preparation. It can result in adverse side effects such as paralysis in nearby muscle tissue, which can largely be avoided by reducing the injected doses to the therapeutically relevant level. Overdosing can also trigger the immune system to generate neutralizing antibodies that inactivate the neurotoxin preventing it from relieving the involuntary muscle activity. Immunologic tolerance to botulinum toxin has been shown to correlate with cumulative doses.

At present, clostridial neurotoxins are still predominantly produced by fermentation processes using appropriate Clostridium strains. However, industrial production of clostridial neurotoxin from anaerobic Clostridium culture is a cumbersome and time-consuming process. Due to the high toxicity of the final product, the procedure must be performed under strict containment. During the fermentation process, the single-chain precursors are proteolytically cleaved by an unknown clostridial protease to obtain the biologically active di-chain clostridial neurotoxin. The degree of neurotoxin activation by proteolytic cleavage varies between different strains and neurotoxin serotypes, which is a major consideration for the manufacture due to the requirement of neurotoxin preparations with a well-defined biological activity. Furthermore, during fermentation processes using Clostridium strains the clostridial neurotoxins are produced as protein complexes, in which the neurotoxic component is embedded by accessory proteins. These accessory proteins have no beneficial effect on biological activity or duration of effect. They can however trigger an immune reaction in the patient, resulting in immunity against the clostridial neurotoxin. Manufacture of recombinant clostridial neurotoxins, which are not embedded by auxiliary proteins, might therefore be advantageous.

Methods for the recombinant expression of clostridial neurotoxins in E. coli are well known in the art (see, for example, WO 00/12728, WO 01/14570, or WO 2006/076902). Furthermore, clostridial neurotoxins have been expressed in eukaryotic expression systems, such as in Pichia pastoris, Pichia methanolica, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, insect cells and mammalian cells (see WO 2006/017749).

Recombinant clostridial neurotoxins may be expressed as single-chain precursors, which subsequently have to be proteolytically cleaved to obtain the final biologically active clostridial neurotoxin. Thus, clostridial neurotoxins may be expressed in high yield in rapidly-growing bacteria as relatively non-toxic single-chain polypeptides.

Furthermore, it might be advantageous to modify clostridial neurotoxin characteristics regarding biological activity, cell specificity, antigenic potential and duration of effect by genetic engineering to obtain recombinant neurotoxins with new therapeutic properties in specific clinical areas. Genetic modification of clostridial neurotoxins might allow altering the mode of action or expanding the range of therapeutic targets.

WO 96/39166 discloses analogues of botulinum toxin comprising amino acid residues which are more resistant to degradation in neuromuscular tissue.

Patent family based on WO 02/08268 (including family member U.S. Pat. No. 6,903,187) discloses a clostridial neurotoxin comprising a structural modification selected from addition or deletion of a leucine-based motif, which alters the biological persistence of the neurotoxin (see also: Fernandez-Salas et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (2004) 3208-3213; Wang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 286 (2011) 6375-6385). Fernández-Sales et al. initially hypothesized that the increased persistence was due to the membrane-binding properties of the dileucine motif (see Fernandez-Salas et al., loc. cit., p. 3211 and 3213). Wang et al. mention this membrane theory (see Wang et al., loc. cit., p. 6376, left column, last full paragraph, and p. 6383, first full paragraph of “Discussion”), but favor an alternative theory: the protection from degradation by proteolysis (see Wang et al., loc. cit., p. 6384, left column, lines 27ff).

US 2002/0127247 describes clostridial neurotoxins comprising modifications in secondary modification sites and exhibiting altered biological persistence.

Botulinum toxin variants exhibiting longer biological half lives in neuromuscular tissue than naturally occurring botulinum toxins would be advantageous in order to reduce administration frequency and the incidence of neutralising antibody generation since immunologic tolerance to botulinum toxin is correlated with cumulative doses.

Furthermore, BoNT serotypes naturally exhibiting a short duration of action could potentially be effectively used in clinical applications, if their biological persistence could be enhanced. Modified BoNT/E with an increased duration of action could potentially be used in patients exhibiting an immune reaction against BoNT/A. Moreover, BoNT/E was shown to induce a more severe block of pain mediator release from sensory neurons than BoNT/A. In clinical applications where BoNT/A provides only partial pain relief or in just a subset of patients, such as in the treatment of headaches, or where BoNT/E has been found to be more effective than BoNT/A but gives only short-term therapy, such as in the treatment of epilepsy, BoNT/E with an increased duration of effect might prove useful.

There is a strong demand to produce clostridial neurotoxins with an increased duration of effect, in order to allow for reduction of administration frequency and exploitation of the therapeutic potential of BoNT serotypes, which have so far been considered impractical for clinical application due to the short half-life of the respective clinically relevant effect. Ideally, the duration of effect of a particular clostridial neurotoxin could be adjusted in a tailor-made fashion in order to address any particular features and demands of a given indication, such as the amount of neurotoxin being administered, frequency of administration etc. To date, such aspects have not been solved satisfactorily.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It was an object of the invention to provide recombinant clostridial neurotoxins exhibiting an increased duration of effect and to establish a reliable and accurate method for manufacturing and obtaining such recombinant clostridial neurotoxins. Such a method and novel precursor clostridial neurotoxins used in such methods would serve to satisfy the great need for recombinant clostridial neurotoxins exhibiting an increased duration of effect.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The naturally occurring botulinum toxin serotypes display highly divergent durations of effect, probably due to their distinct subcellular localization. BoNT/A exhibiting the longest persistence was shown to localize in the vicinity of the plasma membrane of neuronal cells, whereas the short-duration BoNT/E serotype is cytosolic. However, additional factors such as degradation, diffusion, and/or translocation rates might have a decisive impact on the differences in the duration of effect for the individual botulinum toxin serotypes.

So far, no generally applicable method for modifying clostridial neurotoxins in order to increase their duration of effect is available. Surprisingly, it has been found that recombinant clostridial neurotoxins having such effects can be obtained by cloning a sequence encoding a random coil domain into a gene encoding a parental clostridial neurotoxin, and by subsequent heterologous expression of the generated construct in recombinant host cells.

Thus, in one aspect, the present invention relates to recombinant clostridial neurotoxin comprising a random coil domain.

In a particular embodiment, the invention relates to a recombinant clostridial neurotoxin comprising a random coil domain, wherein (i) said random coil domain consists of the amino acid sequence (Xaa)_(x-)[(P,A,S)_(y-)(Xaa)-]_(z)(P,A,S)_(y)-(Xaa)_(x), wherein

Xaa is an amino acid residue independently selected from any naturally occurring amino acid residue, provided that at least one Xaa in [(P,A,S)_(y-)(Xaa)-]_(z) is different from an alanine, serine or proline residue; particularly wherein Xaa is valine; (P,A,S) represents an amino acid residue independently selected from an alanine (A), a serine (S) and a proline (P) residue; x is a number independently selected from 0 and 1; y is a number independently selected from 3 and 4; and z is 9 or more, particularly z is a number between 9 and 750.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of the present invention.

In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the composition of the present invention for cosmetic treatment.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for the generation of the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of the present invention, comprising the step of obtaining a recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding a recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin by the insertion of a nucleic acid sequence encoding said random coil domain, in particular a random coil domain according to the present invention, into a nucleic acid sequence encoding a parental clostridial neurotoxin.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin comprising a random coil domain, in particular a random coil domain according to the present invention.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin of the present invention.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for obtaining the nucleic acid sequence of the present invention, comprising the step of inserting a nucleic acid sequence encoding a random coil domain, in particular a random coil domain according to the present invention, into a nucleic acid sequence encoding a parental clostridial neurotoxin.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a vector comprising the nucleic acid sequence of the present invention, or the nucleic acid sequence obtainable by the method of the present invention.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a recombinant host cell comprising the nucleic acid sequence of the present invention, the nucleic acid sequence obtainable by the method of the present invention, or the vector of the present invention.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for producing the recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin of the present invention, comprising the step of expressing the nucleic acid sequence of the present invention, or the nucleic acid sequence obtainable by the method of the present invention, or the vector of the present invention in a recombinant host cell, or cultivating the recombinant host cell of the present invention under conditions that result in the expression of said nucleic acid sequence.

FIGURES

FIG. 1: Schematic Presentation of PASylated Botulinum Toxin A (PAS·rBoNT/A).

FIG. 2: SDS·PAGE of purified PAS-rBoNT/A. Prior to applying the samples to the gel, β-mercaptoethanol was added. Lane “v.A.”: purified, non-activated single-chain PAS-rBoNT/A having a molecular weight (Mw) of about 175 kDa. Lanes “n.A.” (after activation) and “n.R.” (after purification) show light chain (PAS-Lc) and heavy chain (Hc) obtained after activation by thrombin under reducing conditions. The light chain runs with an apparent Mw of about 110 kDa well above the theoretical Mw of about 75 kDa.

FIG. 3: Mouse running assay with PAS200-rBoNT/A: ▪: PAS200-rBoNT/A, ●: mean of Standard (54 assays) from Xeomin 81208 (0,6U)

FIG. 4: Mouse running assay with PAS100-rBoNT/A: ▪: PAS100-rBoNT/A, ●: mean of Standard (54 assays) from Xeomin 81208 (0.6U)

FIG. 5: Mouse running assay with VPASA100 rBoNT/A: ▪: (2) VPASA100 rBoNT/A; ●: mean of Standard (54 assays) from Xeomin (81208; 0.6 U;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of the invention and the examples included therein.

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a recombinant clostridial neurotoxin comprising a random coil domain.

In the context of the present invention, the term “clostridial neurotoxin” refers to a natural neurotoxin obtainable from bacteria of the class Clostridia, including Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum, or to a neurotoxin obtainable from alternative sources, including from recombinant technologies or from genetic or chemical modification. Particularly, the clostridial neurotoxins have endopeptidase activity.

Clostridial neurotoxins are produced as single-chain precursors that are proteolytically cleaved by an unknown clostridial endoprotease within the loop region to obtain the biologically active disulfide-linked di-chain form of the neurotoxin, which comprises two chain elements, a functionally active light chain and a functionally active heavy chain, where one end of the light chain is linked to one end of the heavy chain not via a peptide bond, but via a disulfide bond.

In the context of the present invention, the term “clostridial neurotoxin light chain” refers to that part of a clostridial neurotoxin that comprises an endopeptidase activity responsible for cleaving one or more proteins that is/are part of the so-called SNARE-complex involved in the process resulting in the release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft: In naturally occurring clostridial neurotoxins, the light chain has a molecular weight of approx. 50 kDa.

In the context of the present invention, the term “clostridial neurotoxin heavy chain” refers to that part of a clostridial neurotoxin that is responsible for entry of the neurotoxin into the neuronal cell: In naturally occurring clostridial neurotoxins, the heavy chain has a molecular weight of approx. 100 kDa.

In the context of the present invention, the term “functionally active clostridial neurotoxin chain” refers to a recombinant clostridial neurotoxin chain able to perform the biological functions of a naturally occurring Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin chain to at least about 50%, particularly to at least about 60%, to at least about 70%, to at least about 80%, and most particularly to at least about 90%, where the biological functions of clostridial neurotoxin chains include, but are not limited to, binding of the heavy chain to the neuronal cell, entry of the neurotoxin into a neuronal cell, release of the light chain from the di-chain neurotoxin, and endopeptidase activity of the light chain. Methods for determining a neurotoxic activity can be found, for example, in WO 95/32738, which describes the reconstitution of separately obtained light and heavy chains of tetanus toxin and botulinum toxin.

In the context of the present invention, the term “about” or “approximately” means within 20%, alternatively within 10%, including within 5% of a given value or range. Alternatively, especially in biological systems, the term “about” means within about a log (i.e. an order of magnitude), including within a factor of two of a given value.

In the context of the present invention, the term “recombinant clostridial neurotoxin” refers to a composition comprising a clostridial neurotoxin that is obtained by expression of the neurotoxin in a heterologous cell such as E. coli, and including, but not limited to, the raw material obtained from a fermentation process (supernatant, composition after cell lysis), a fraction comprising a clostridial neurotoxin obtained from separating the ingredients of such a raw material in a purification process, an isolated and essentially pure protein, and a formulation for pharmaceutical and/or aesthetic use comprising a clostridial neurotoxin and additionally pharmaceutically acceptable solvents and/or excipients.

In the context of the present invention, the term “recombinant clostridial neurotoxin” further refers to a clostridial neurotoxin based on a parental clostridial neurotoxin additionally comprising a heterologous random coil domain, i.e. a random coil domain that is not naturally occurring in said parental clostridial neurotoxin, in particular a synthetic random coil domain, or a random coil domain from a species other than Clostridium botulinum, in particular a random coil domain from a human protein.

In the context of the present invention, the term “comprises” or “comprising” means “including, but not limited to”. The term is intended to be open-ended, to specify the presence of any stated features, elements, integers, steps or components, but not to preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, integers, steps, components, or groups thereof. The term “comprising” thus includes the more restrictive terms “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”.

In the context of the present invention, the term “random coil domain” refers to a protein segment, which is essentially lacking a secondary structure. Random coil domains can be detected using a variety of methods, including spectroscopic methods such as circular dichroism or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods, including multidimensional NMR experiments, or crystallographic structure determinations.

In particular embodiments, said random coil domain consists of the amino acid sequence (Xaa)_(x-)[(P,A,S)_(y-)(Xaa)-],(P,A,S)_(y)-(Xaa)_(x), wherein Xaa is an amino acid residue independently selected from any naturally occurring amino acid residue, provided that at least one Xaa in [(P,A,S)_(y-)(Xaa)-]_(z) is different from an alanine, serine or proline residue; particularly wherein Xaa is valine; (P,A,S) represents an amino acid residue independently selected from an alanine (A), a serine (S) and a proline (P) residue; x is a number independently selected from 0 and 1; y is a number independently selected from 3 and 4; and z is 9 or more, particularly z is a number between 9 and 750.

In particular such embodiments, y is 3, and z is 11 or more, particularly z is a number between 11 and 749, more particularly between 14 and 124, more particularly between 16 and 67, more particularly between 19 and 59, more particularly between 21 and 54, or more particularly 23, 24, or 25, or 35, 36, or 37, or 48, 49, or 50. In other particular such embodiments, y is 4, and z is 9 or more, particularly z is a number between 9 and 599, more particularly between 11 and 99, more particularly between 13 and 51, more particularly between 15 and 47, more particularly between 17 and 43, or more particularly 18, 19, or 20, or 28, 29, or 30, or 38, 39, or 40.

The so-called “PAS” sequences (see, for example, Schlapschy et al., Protein Engineering, Design and Selection 26 (2013) 489-501; EP 2 369 005; WO 2011/144756) have been developed in order to extend the plasma half-life of pharmaceutically active proteins. It is argued that the genetic fusion with such conformationally disordered polypeptide sequences provides a simple way to attach a solvated random chain with large hydrodynamic volume to the fusion partner, for example a protein of biopharmaceutical interest, so that the size of the resulting fusion protein is significantly increased, and that by these means the typically rapid clearance of the biologically active component via kidney filtration is retarded by one to two orders of magnitude.

Surprisingly, it has been found that attachment of a random coil domain based on a PAS domain, which comprises further amino acid residues other than P, A, or S, particularly valine, is also able to extend the duration of effect of a protein that is active intracellularly, particularly since plasma half-life of botulinum toxins has so far not been regarded as being of critical importance for their duration of effect. The extension of duration is furthermore particularly surprising, since it has been argued that macromolecular side chains such as PAS(Xaa) sequences or polyethylene glycol-based sequences prevent the cellular uptake, so that this way of intravasal protein stabilization could only be applied to proteins for therapeutic intervention with cell surface markers or receptors (A. Weber, Inhibierung von Stat5 in Tumoren durch RNA-Interferenz and spezifische Interaktion eines Peptidaptamer-Konstruktes mit der DNA-Bindedomane, PhD thesis, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 2013, p. 220, final full sentence).

In particular embodiments, said random coil domain consists of alanine, serine and proline residues.

In particular embodiments, said random coil domain comprises a plurality of amino acid repeats, wherein said repeats consist of Ala, Ser, and Pro residues and wherein no more than six consecutive amino acid residues are identical.

In particular embodiments, said random coil domain comprises an amino acid sequence consisting of at least 50 amino acid residues forming random coil conformation, particularly between 50 and 3000 amino acid residues, more particularly between 60 and 500 amino acid residues, more particularly between 70 and 260 amino acid residues, more particularly between 80 and 240 amino acid residues, more particularly between 90 and 220 amino acid residues, particularly 100 amino acid residues, 150 amino acid residues, or 200 amino acid residues.

In particular embodiments, the proline residues comprised in said random coil domain constitute more than 4% and less than 40% of the amino acids of said random coil domain.

In particular embodiments, said random coil domain comprises at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (VPASA)₂₀ (SEQ ID NO: 12) and (VAPSA)₂₀(SEQ ID NO: 13).

In particular other embodiments, at least 20% of said amino acid residues (Xaa) are different from alanine (A), serine (S) or proline (P) residues. In particular such embodiments, each of said residues (Xaa) is identical, i.e. said random coil domain consists of four different amino acid resdues. In particular such embodiments, each (Xaa) is a valine (V). In particular such embodiments, said random coil domain is selected from (VPASA)₂₀ (SEQ ID NO: 12) and (VAPSA)₂₀ (SEQ ID NO: 13).

Surprising, random coil domains of the type (VPASA)₂₀ and (VAPSA)₂₀ result in botulinum neurotoxion fusion domains, which do not only show an increased duration of biological persistence (as seen for pasylated sequences consisting of P, A, and S only, but also exhibit a rapid onset of biological activity similar to wild-type botulinum neurotoxins (see FIG. 6). This is in contrast to the performance of pasylated sequences consisting of P, A, and S only, which exhibit a delayed onset of biological activity (see FIGS. 4 and 5).

In particular embodiments, said random coil domain is inserted at (i) the N-terminus of the light chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin; (ii) the C-terminus of the light chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin; (iii) the N-terminus of the heavy chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin; or (iv) the C-terminus of the heavy chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin, particularly at the N-terminus of the light chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin.

In particular embodiments, the sequence of said clostridial neurotoxin is selected from the sequence of (i) a Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, particularly Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, C and E, particularly Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, or (ii) from the sequence of a functional variant of a Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin of (i), or (iii) from the sequence of a chimeric Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin, wherein the clostridial neurotoxin light chain and heavy chain are from different parental clostridial neurotoxin serotypes.

In the context of the present invention, the term “Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, B, C, D, E, F, and G” refers to neurotoxins found in and obtainable from Clostridium botulinum. Currently, seven serologically distinct types, designated serotypes A, B, C, D, E, F, and G are known, including certain subtypes (e.g. Al, A2, A3, A4 and A5).

In particular embodiments the clostridial neurotoxin is selected from a Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, C and E, in particular from Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, or from a functional variant of any such Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin.

In particular embodiments, said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin has a light chain and a heavy chain comprised in the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO: 8, SEQ ID NO: 10, SEQ ID NO: 14, or SEQ ID NO: 15.

In the context of the present invention, the term “functional variant of a clostridial neurotoxin” refers to a neurotoxin that differs in the amino acid sequence and/or the nucleic acid sequence encoding the amino acid sequence from a clostridial neurotoxin, but is still functionally active. In the context of the present invention, the term “functionally active” refers to the property of a recombinant clostridial neurotoxin to exhibit a biological activity of at least about 50%, particularly to at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, and most particularly at least about 90% of the biological activity of a naturally occurring parental clostridial neurotoxin, i.e. a parental clostridial neurotoxin without random coil domain, where the biological functions include, but are not limited to, binding to the neurotoxin receptor, entry of the neurotoxin into a neuronal cell, release of the light chain from the two-chain neurotoxin, and endopeptidase activity of the light chain, and thus inhibition of neurotransmitter release from the affected nerve cell.

On the protein level, a functional variant will maintain key features of the corresponding clostridial neurotoxin, such as key residues for the endopeptidase activity in the light chain, or key residues for the attachment to the neurotoxin receptors or for translocation through the endosomal membrane in the heavy chain, but may contain one or more mutations comprising a deletion of one or more amino acids of the corresponding clostridial neurotoxin, an addition of one or more amino acids of the corresponding clostridial neurotoxin, and/or a substitution of one or more amino acids of the corresponding clostridial neurotoxin. Particularly, said deleted, added and/or substituted amino acids are consecutive amino acids. According to the teaching of the present invention, any number of amino acids may be added, deleted, and/or substituted, as long as the functional variant remains biologically active. For example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, up to 10, up to 15, up to 25, up to 50, up to 100, up to 200, up to 400, up to 500 amino acids or even more amino acids may be added, deleted, and/or substituted. Accordingly, a functional variant of the neurotoxin may be a biologically active fragment of a naturally occurring neurotoxin. This neurotoxin fragment may contain an N-terminal, C-terminal, and/or one or more internal deletion(s).

In another embodiment, the functional variant of a clostridial neurotoxin additionally comprises a signal peptide. Usually, said signal peptide will be located at the N-terminus of the neurotoxin. Many such signal peptides are known in the art and are comprised by the present invention. In particular, the signal peptide results in transport of the neurotoxin across a biological membrane, such as the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi membrane or the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell. It has been found that signal peptides, when attached to the neurotoxin, will mediate secretion of the neurotoxin into the supernatant of the cells. In certain embodiments, the signal peptide will be cleaved off in the course of, or subsequent to, secretion, so that the secreted protein lacks the N-terminal signal peptide, is composed of separate light and heavy chains, which are covalently linked by disulfide bridges, and is proteolytically active.

In particular embodiments, the functional variant has in its clostridium neurotoxin part a sequence identity of at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70% or most particularly at least about 80%, and a sequence homology of at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or most particularly at least about 95% to the corresponding part in the parental clostridial neurotoxin. Methods and algorithms for determining sequence identity and/or homology, including the comparison of variants having deletions, additions, and/or substitutions relative to a parental sequence, are well known to the practitioner of ordinary skill in the art. On the DNA level, the nucleic acid sequences encoding the functional homologue and the parental clostridial neurotoxin may differ to a larger extent due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. It is known that the usage of codons is different between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Thus, when expressing a prokaryotic protein such as a clostridial neurotoxin, in a eukaryotic expression system, it may be necessary, or at least helpful, to adapt the nucleic acid sequence to the codon usage of the expression host cell, meaning that sequence identity or homology may be rather low on the nucleic acid level.

In the context of the present invention, the term “variant” refers to a neurotoxin that is a chemically, enzymatically, or genetically modified derivative of a corresponding clostridial neurotoxin, including chemically or genetically modified neurotoxin from C. botulinum, particularly of C. botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, C or E. A chemically modified derivative may be one that is modified by pyruvation, phosphorylation, sulfatation, lipidation, pegylation, glycosylation and/or the chemical addition of an amino acid or a polypeptide comprising between 2 and about 100 amino acids, including modification occurring in the eukaryotic host cell used for expressing the derivative. An enzymatically modified derivative is one that is modified by the activity of enzymes, such as endo- or exoproteolytic enzymes, including modification by enzymes of the eukaryotic host cell used for expressing the derivative. As pointed out above, a genetically modified derivative is one that has been modified by deletion or substitution of one or more amino acids contained in, or by addition of one or more amino acids (including polypeptides comprising between 2 and about 100 amino acids) to, the amino acid sequence of said clostridial neurotoxin. Methods for designing and constructing such chemically or genetically modified derivatives and for testing of such variants for functionality are well known to anyone of ordinary skill in the art.

In particular embodiments, said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin shows increased duration of effect relative to an identical clostridial neurotoxin without the random coil domain.

In the context of the present invention, the term “increased duration of effect” or “increased duration of action” refers to a longer lasting denervation mediated by a clostridial neurotoxin of the present invention. For example, as disclosed herein, administration of a disulfide-linked di-chain clostridial neurotoxin comprising a random coil domain results in localized paralysis for a longer period of time relative to administration of an identical disulfide-linked di-chain clostridial neurotoxin without the coiled coil domain.

In the context of the present invention, the term “increased duration of effect/action” is defined as a more than about 20%, particularly more than about 50%, more particularly more than about 90% increased duration of effect of the recombinant neurotoxin of the present invention relative to the identical neurotoxin without the random coil domain.

In the context of the present invention the term “denervation” refers to denervation resulting from administration of a chemodenervating agent, for example a neurotoxin.

In the context of the present invention, the term “localized denervation” or “localized paralysis” refers to denervation of a particular anatomical region, usually a muscle or a group of anatomically and/or physiologically related muscles, which results from administration of a chemodenervating agent, for example a neurotoxin, to the particular anatomical region.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, the recombinant clostridial neurotoxins of the present invention might show increased biological half-life, reduced degradation rates, decreased diffusion rates, increased uptake by neuronal cells, and/or modified intracellular translocation rates, in each case relative to an identical parental clostridial neurotoxin without the random coil domain.

In particular embodiments, the increased duration of effect is due to an increased biological half-life.

In the context of the present invention, the term “biological half-life” specifies the lifespan of a protein, for example of a clostridial neurotoxin, in vivo. In the context of the present invention, the term “biological half-life” refers to the period of time, by which half of a protein pool is degraded in vivo. For example it refers to the period of time, by which half of the amount of clostridial neurotoxin of one administered dosage is degraded.

In the context of the present invention, the term “increased biological half-life” is defined as a more than about 20%, particularly more than about 50%, more particularly more than about 90% increased biological half-life of the recombinant neurotoxin of the present invention relative to the identical neurotoxin without the random coil domain.

In the context of the present invention, the term “reduced degradation rate” means that the random coil domain (PAS sequence) protects the light chain against degradation processes in the cytosol of the neuron such as, for example, the attack of proteases or modifying enzymes like E3 ligases. Because of this protection the half-life of the light chain in the neuron is extended resulting in a longer duration of the therapeutic effect.

In particular embodiments, the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin is for the use in the treatment of a disease requiring improved chemodenervation, wherein the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin causes longer lasting denervation relative to an identical clostridial neurotoxin without the random coil domain.

In particular other embodiments, the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin is for use in the treatment of (a) patients showing an immune reaction against BoNT/A, or (b) headache or epilepsy, wherein the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin is of serotype E.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of the present invention.

In particular embodiments, the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of the present invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is for use in the treatment of a disease or condition taken from the list of: cervical dystonia (spasmodic torticollis), blepharospasm, severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis, achalasia, lower back pain, benign prostate hypertrophy, chronic focal painful neuropathies, migraine and other headache disorders.

Additional indications where treatment with botulinum neurotoxins is currently under investigation and where the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be used, include pediatric incontinence, incontinence due to overactive bladder, and incontinence due to neurogenic bladder, anal fissure, spastic disorders associated with injury or disease of the central nervous system including trauma, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, or cerebral palsy, focal dystonias affecting the limbs, face, jaw or vocal cords, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain disorders, diabetic neuropathy, wound healing, excessive salivation, vocal cord dysfunction, reduction of the Masseter muscle for decreasing the size of the lower jaw, treatment and prevention of chronic headache and chronic musculoskeletal pain, treatment of snoring noise, assistance in weight loss by increasing the gastric emptying time.

Most recently, clostridial neurotoxins have been evaluated for the treatment of other new indications, for example painful keloid, diabetic neuropathic pain, refractory knee pain, trigeminal neuralgia trigger-zone application to control pain, scarring after cleft-lip surgery, cancer and depression.

In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the composition of the present invention for cosmetic treatment.

In the context of the present invention, the term “cosmetic treatment” relates to uses in cosmetic or aesthetic applications, such as the treatment of wrinkles, crow's feet, frown lines etc.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for the generation of the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of the present invention, comprising the step of obtaining a recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding a recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin by the insertion of a nucleic acid sequence encoding said random coil domain, in particular a random coil domain according to the present invention, into a nucleic acid sequence encoding a parental clostridial neurotoxin.

In the context of the present invention, the term “recombinant nucleic acid sequence” refers to a nucleic acid, which has been generated by joining genetic material from two different sources.

In the context of the present invention, the term “single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin” refers to a single-chain precursor for a disulfide-linked di-chain clostridial neurotoxin, comprising a functionally active clostridial neurotoxin light chain, a functionally active neurotoxin heavy chain, and a loop region linking the C-terminus of the light chain with the N-terminus of the heavy chain.

In the context of the present invention, the term “recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin” refers to a single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin comprising a heterologous random coil domain, i.e. a random coil domain from a species other than Clostridium botulinum.

In particular embodiments, the recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin comprises a protease cleavage site in said loop region.

Single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxins have to be proteolytically cleaved to obtain the final biologically active clostridial neurotoxins. Proteolytic cleavage may either occur during heterologous expression by host cell enzymes, or by adding proteolytic enzymes to the raw protein material isolated after heterologous expression. Naturally occurring clostridial neurotoxins usually contain one or more cleavage signals for proteases which post-translationally cleave the single-chain precursor molecule, so that the final di- or multimeric complex can form. At present, clostridial neurotoxins are still predominantly produced by fermentation processes using appropriate Clostridium strains. During the fermentation process, the single-chain precursors are proteolytically cleaved by an unknown clostridial protease to obtain the biologically active di-chain clostridial neurotoxin. In cases, where the single-chain precursor molecule is the precursor of a protease, autocatalytic cleavage may occur. Alternatively, the protease can be a separate non-clostridial enzyme expressed in the same cell. WO 2006/076902 describes the proteolytic cleavage of a recombinant clostridial neurotoxin single-chain precursor at a heterologous recognition and cleavage site by incubation of the E. coli host cell lysate. The proteolytic cleavage is carried out by an unknown E. coli protease. In certain applications of recombinant expression, modified protease cleavage sites have been introduced recombinantly into the interchain region between the light and heavy chain of clostridial toxins, e.g. protease cleavage sites for human thrombin or other human proteases or non-human proteases (see WO 01/14570).

In particular embodiments, the protease cleavage site is a site that is cleaved by a protease selected from the list of:thrombin, trypsin, enterokinase, factor Xa, plant papain, insect papain, crustacean papain, enterokinase, human rhinovirus 3C protease, human enterovirus 3C protease, tobacco etch virus protease, Tobacco Vein Mottling Virus, subtilisin and caspase 3.

In a particular embodiment, the recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin further comprises a binding tag, particularly selected from the group comprising: glutathione-S-transferase (GST), maltose binding protein (MBP), a His-tag, a StrepTag, or a FLAG-tag.

In the context of the present invention, the term “parental clostridial neurotoxin” refers to an initial clostridial neurotoxin without a heterologous random coil domain, selected from a natural clostridial neurotoxin, a functional variant of a natural clostridial neurotoxin or a chimeric clostridial neurotoxin, wherein the clostridial neurotoxin light chain and heavy chain are from different clostridial neurotoxin serotypes.

In particular embodiments, the method for the generation of the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of the present invention further comprises the step of heterologously expressing said recombinant nucleic acid sequence in a host cell, particularly in a bacterial host cell, more particularly in an E. coli host cell.

In certain embodiments, the E. coli cells are selected from E. coli XL1-Blue, Nova Blue, TOP10, XL10-Gold, BL21, and K12.

In particular embodiments, the method for the generation of the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of the present invention additionally comprises at least one of the steps of (i) generating a disulfide-linked di-chain recombinant clostridial neurotoxin comprising a random coil domain by causing or allowing contacting of said recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin with an endoprotease and (ii) purification of said recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin or said disulfide-linked di-chain recombinant clostridial neurotoxin by chromatography.

In particular embodiments, the recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin, or the recombinant disulfide-linked di-chain clostridial neurotoxin, is purified after expression, or in the case of the recombinant disulfide-linked di-chain clostridial neurotoxin, after the cleavage reaction. In particular such embodiments, the protein is purified by chromatography, particularly by immunoaffinity chromatography, or by chromatography on an ion exchange matrix, a hydrophobic interaction matrix, or a multimodal chromatography matrix, particularly a strong ion exchange matrix, more particularly a strong cation exchange matrix.

In the context of the present invention, the term “causing . . . contacting of said recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin . . . with an endoprotease” refers to an active and/or direct step of bringing said neurotoxin and said endoprotease in contact, whereas the term “allowing contacting of a recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin . . . with an endoprotease” refers to an indirect step of establishing conditions in such a way that said neurotoxin and said endoprotease are getting in contact to each other.

In the context of the present invention, the term “endoprotease” refers to a protease that breaks peptide bonds of non-terminal amino acids (i.e. within the polypeptide chain). As they do not attack terminal amino acids, endoproteases cannot break down peptides into monomers.

In particular embodiments, cleavage of the recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin is near-complete.

In the context of the present invention, the term “near-complete” is defined as more than about 95% cleavage, particularly more than about 97.5%, more particularly more than about 99% as determined by SDS-PAGE and subsequent Western Blot or reversed phase chromatography.

In particular embodiments, cleavage of the recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin occurs at a heterologous cleavage signal located in the loop region of the recombinant precursor clostridial neurotoxin.

In particular embodiments, the cleavage reaction is performed with crude host cell lysates containing said single-chain precursor protein.

In other particular embodiments, the single-chain precursor protein is purified or partially purified, particularly by a first chromatographic enrichment step, prior to the cleavage reaction.

In the context of the present invention, the term “purified” relates to more than about 90% purity. In the context of the present invention, the term “partially purified” relates to purity of less than about 90% and an enrichment of more than about two fold.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a recombinant single-chain clostridial neurotoxin, which is a precursor for the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of the present invention Thus, in such aspect, the present invention relates to a recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin comprising a random coil domain, in particular a random coil domain according to the present invention.

In particular embodiments, said recombinant single-chain clostridial neurotoxin precursor for a disulfide-linked di-chain clostridial neurotoxin comprises a functionally active clostridial neurotoxin light chain, a functionally active neurotoxin heavy chain, a loop region linking the C-terminus of the light chain with the N-terminus of the heavy chain, and a random coil domain according to the present invention.

In particular embodiments, said random coil domain consists of the amino acid sequence (Xaa)_(x-)[(P,A,S)_(y-)(Xaa)-]_(z)(P,A,S)_(y)-(Xaa)_(x), wherein Xaa is an amino acid residue independently selected from any naturally occurring amino acid residue, provided that at least one Xaa in [(P,A,S)_(y-)(Xaa)-]_(z) is different from an alanine, serine or proline residue; particularly wherein Xaa is valine; (P,A,S) represents an amino acid residue independently selected from an alanine (A), a serine (S) and a proline (P) residue; x is a number independently selected from 0 and 1; y is a number independently selected from 3 and 4; and z is 9 or more, particularly z is a number between 9 and 750.

In particular such embodiments, y is 3, and z is 11 or more, particularly z is a number between 11 and 749, more particularly between 14 and 124, more particularly between 16 and 67, more particularly between 19 and 59, more particularly between 21 and 54, or more particularly 23, 24, or 25, or 35, 36, or 37, or 48, 49, or 50. In other particular such embodiments, y is 4, and z is 9 or more, particularly z is a number between 9 and 599, more particularly between 11 and 99, more particularly between 13 and 51, more particularly between 15 and 47, more particularly between 17 and 43, or more particularly 18, 19, or 20, or 28, 29, or 30, or 38, 39, or 40.

In particular embodiments, said random coil domain comprises an amino acid sequence consisting of at least 50 amino acid residues forming random coil conformation, particularly between 50 and 3000 amino acid residues, more particularly between 60 and 500 amino acid residues, more particularly between 70 and 260 amino acid residues, more particularly between 80 and 240 amino acid residues, more particularly between 90 and 220 amino acid residues, particularly 100 amino acid residues, 150 amino acid residues, or 200 amino acid residues.

In particular embodiments, said random coil domain consists of alanine, serine and proline residues.

In particular embodiments, said random coil domain comprises a plurality of amino acid repeats, wherein said repeat consist of Ala, Ser, and Pro residues and wherein no more than 6 consecutive amino acid residues are identical.

In particular embodiments, the proline residues comprised in said random coil domain constitute more than 4% and less than 40% of the amino acids of said random coil domain.

In particular embodiments, said random coil domain comprises at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (VPASA)20 (SEQ ID NO: 12) and (VAPSA)₂₀ (SEQ ID NO: 13); or circular permuted versions or (a) multimer(s) of these sequences as a whole or parts of these sequences, particularly (VPASA)₂₀ (SEQ ID NO: 12).

In particular embodiments, said random coil domain is inserted at (i) the N-terminus of the light chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin; (ii) the C-terminus of the light chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin; (i) the N-terminus of the heavy chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin; or (ii) the C-terminus of the heavy chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin.

In particular embodiments, the sequence of said clostridial neurotoxin is selected from the sequence of (i) a Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, particularly Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, C and E, more particularly Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, or (ii) from the sequence of a functional variant of a Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin of (i), or (iii) from the sequence of a chimeric Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin, wherein the clostridial neurotoxin light chain and heavy chain are from different clostridial neurotoxin serotypes.

In particular embodiments, said recombinant single-chain clostridial neurotoxin has the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO: 14, or SEQ ID NO: 15 (see Table 1).

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant single-chain clostridial neurotoxin of the present invention.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for obtaining the nucleic acid sequence of the present invention, comprising the step of inserting a nucleic acid sequence encoding a random coil domain, in particular a random coil domain according to the present invention, into a nucleic acid sequence encoding a parental clostridial neurotoxin.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a vector comprising the nucleic acid sequence of the present invention, or the nucleic acid sequence obtainable by the method of the present invention.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a recombinant host cell comprising the nucleic acid sequence of the present invention, the nucleic acid sequence obtainable by the method of the present invention, or the vector of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, the recombinant host cells are selected from E. coli XL1-Blue, Nova Blue, TOP10, XL10-Gold, BL21, and K12.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for producing the recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin of the present invention, comprising the step of expressing the nucleic acid sequence of the present invention, or the nucleic acid sequence obtainable by the method of the present invention, or the vector of the present invention in a recombinant host cell, or cultivating the recombinant host cell of the present invention under conditions that result in the expression of said nucleic acid sequence.

EXAMPLES Comparative Example 1 Generation and Purification of a PASylated Botulinum Toxin Type A (PAS200-rBoNT/A)

The “PAS” module comprising 200 amino acid residues built from the amino acids proline, serine and alanine was synthetically produced and after digestion with Sapl inserted at the N-terminus of recombinant BoNT/A (rBoNT/A) (FIG. 1). The correct cloning was verified by sequencing.

Expression was performed in expression strain E. coli B121. Purification was done using a combination of affinity and size exclusion chromatography, followed by activation using thrombin. FIG. 2 summarizes the results of purification and activation.

Comparative Example 2 Measurement of Biological Activity in the Hemidiaphracima Test (HDA Test)

This ex vivo test performs all steps required for intoxication (target cell binding, internalisation and translocation into cytosol). In order to achieve that, a murine nerve-muscle preparation, comprising the hemidiaphragma and the Nervus phrenicus, is stimulated in an organ bath by a continuous frequency of 1 Hz. The resulting amplitude of muscle contraction is plotted against the time. After addition of the toxin sample to the organ bath, the time required for a 50% reduction of the amplitude seen without toxin is determined. This so-called paralytic half-time is a direct measure for the biological activity. In the case of PAS200-rBoNT/A, the paralytic half-time was 157 min at a concentration of 0.35 ng/ml in the organ bath. By comparison with a calibration curve established with wild-type BoNT/A, a specific biological activity of 60 pg/U can be calculated.

Comparative Example 3 Determination of Biological Activity in Vivo Using the “Digit Abduction Score” (DAS)-Test

In this in vivo test, the biological activity of a sample is determined. Based on the results for the specific biological activity obtained in the HDA test (see Example 2) dosages are calculated that should result in a sub-maximum effect comparable to the effect seen with a standard sample run in parallel. Those dosages, in a volume of 20 μl in each case, are injected into the M. gastrocnemius of the right hindpaw of four mice in each case. The resulting effect is measured over time by determining the digit abduction when lifting the mouse and is quantified by using a score from 0 to 4 (Aoki, K. R.; Toxicon 39 (2001) 1815-1820). A score of 0 corresponds to maximum digit abduction, while a score of 4 corresponds to maximum paralysis, where digit abduction is completely absent. Scores 1, 2 or 3 describe intermediate states between these two extremes. In FIG. 3, the results of the DAS test with PAS200-rBoNT/A are shown.

Comparative Example 4 Duration of Effect of PAS200-rBoNT/A in a “Mouse Running Assay”

Based on the results for the activity obtained in the DAS test (see Example 3) dosages can be calculated that are suitable for a comparison of the duration of effect with a standard (Xeomin®) run in parallel. The aim is to apply an equipotent dose i.e. the maximum effect of sample and standard (Xeomin®) should be the same. Equipotent dosages of PAS200-rBoNT/A or Xeomin® were injected into the M. gastrocnemius of eight mice each that had been trained in a treadmill. Using these dosages, only a sub-maximum paralysis was observed in order to exclude potential systemic effects as far as possible, which may have an impact on the duration of effect. The daily running distance in the treadmill was measured over 15 days. The paralysis caused by the toxins was plotted as percentage of the running distance on the day before the injection, which was set as 100%, against the time (see FIG. 3).

The injection of PAS200-rBoNT/A resulted in a maximum paralysis after 4 days corresponding to that seen for the control group treated with Xeomin. During the recovery phase following the phase of maximum paralysis the running distance of the control group reached a value of 25% of the starting value after 8 days, whereas the group treated with PAS200-rBoNT/A reached that value only after 11 days. Thus, the duration of effective paralysis was significantly extended.

Comparative Example 5 Generation and Purification of a PASylated Botulinum Toxin Type A (PAS100-rBoNT/A)

PAS100-rBoNT/A comprising a “PAS” module comprising 100 amino acid residues built from the amino acids proline, serine and alanine was generated and purified as described for PAS200-rBoNT/A in Example 1.

Comparative Example 6 Duration of Effect of PAS100-rBoNT/A in a “Mouse Running Assay”

A mouse running assay using PAS100-rBoNT/A was performed as decribed in example 4. Equipotent dosages of PAS100-rBoNT/A or Xeomin® were injected into the M. gastrocnemius of eight mice each and the daily running distance in the treadmill was measured over 15 days. The paralysis caused by the toxins was plotted as percentage of the running distance on the day before the injection, which was set as 100%, against the time (see FIG. 4).

The injection of PAS100-rBoNT/A resulted in a maximum paralysis after 6 days, for the control group treated with Xeomin maximum paralysis was observed after 4 days. During the recovery phase the running distance of the control group reached a value of 40% of the starting value 4 days after maximum paralysis was observed (day 8), whereas the group treated with PAS100-rBoNT/A reached that value 5 days after maximum paralysis (day 11). Thus, the duration of effective paralysis was significantly extended.

Example 7 Generation and Purification of a VPASA100-Botulinum Toxin Type A (VPASA100-rBoNT/A)

VPASA100-rBoNT/A comprising a “VPASA” module comprising 100 amino acid residues built from the 20-fold repeat of amino acids valine, proline, serine and alanine, (VPASA)₂₀-rBoNT/A), was generated and purified as described for PAS200-rBoNT/A in Example 1.

Example 8 Generation and Purification of a VPASA100-Botulinum Toxin Type A (VAPSA100-rBoNT/A)

VAPSA100-rBoNT/A comprising a “VAPSA” module comprising 100 amino acid residues built from the 20-fold repeat of amino acids valine, proline, serine and alanine, (VAPSA)₂₀-rBoNT/A), was generated and purified as described for PAS200-rBoNT/A in Example 1.

Example 9 Duration of Effect of VPASA100-rBoNT/A in a “Mouse Running Assay”

A mouse running assay using VPASA100-rBoNT/A was performed as decribed in example 4. Equipotent dosages of VPASA100-rBoNT/A or Xeomin® were injected into the M. gastrocnemius of eight mice each and the daily running distance in the treadmill was measured over 15 days. The paralysis caused by the toxins was plotted as percentage of the running distance on the day before the injection, which was set as 100%, against the time (see FIG. 5).

During the recovery phase the running distance of the group treated with VPASA100-rBoNT/A reached the value of 40% markedly later than of the control group.

TABLE 1 Sequences  SEQ ID NO 1: ASPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPA  SEQ ID NO 2: AAPASPAPAAPSAPAPAAPS  SEQ ID NO 3: APSSPSPSAPSSPSPASPSS  SEQ ID NO 4: SAPSSPSPSAPSSPSPASPS  SEQ ID NO 5: SSPSAPSPSSPASPSPSSPA  SEQ ID NO 6: AASPAAPSAPPAAASPAAPSAPPA  SEQ ID NO 7: ASAAAPAAASAAASAPSAAA  SEQ ID NO 8: PAS200 rBoNT/A (amino acid sequence) MGSSHHHHHHGSLVPRSSSASPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAASPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAA SPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAASPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAASPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAA SPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAASPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAASPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAA SPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAASPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAAPFVNKQFNYKDPVNGVDIAY IKIPNAGQMQPVKAFKIHNKIWVIPERDTFTNPEEGDLNPPPEAKQVPVSYYDSTYLSTD NEKDNYLKGVTKLFERIYSTDLGRMLLTSIVRGIPFWGGSTIDTELKVIDINCINVIQPD GSYRSEELNLVIIGPSADIIQFECKSFGHEVLNLTRNGYGSTQYIRFSPDFTFGFEESLE VDTNPLLGAGKFATDPAVTLAHELIHAGHRLYGIAINPNRVFKVNTNAYYEMSGLEVSFE ELRTFGGHDAKFIDSLQENEFRLYYYNKFKDIASTLNKAKSIVGTTASLQYMKNVFKEKY LLSEDTSGKFSVDKLKFDKLYKMLTEIYTEDNFVKFFKVLNRKTYLNFDKAVFKINIVPK VNYTIYDGFNLRNTNLAANFNGQNTEINNMNFTKLKNFTGLFEFYKLLCVRGIITSKAGA GKSLVPRGSAGAGALNDLCIKVNNWDLFFSPSEDNFTNDLNKGEEITSDTNIEAAEENIS LDLIQQYYLTFNFDNEPENISIENLSSDIIGQLELMPNIERFPNGKKYELDKYTMFHYLR AQEFEHGKSRIALTNSVNEALLNPSRVYTFFSSDYVKKVNKATEAAMFLGWVEQLVYDFT DETSEVSTTDKIADITIIIPYIGPALNIGNMLYKDDFVGALIFSGAVILLEFIPEIAIPV LGTFALVSYIANKVLTVQTIDNALSKRNEKWDEVYKYIVTNWLAKVNTQIDLIRKKMKEA LENQAEATKAIINYQYNQYTEEEKNNINFNIDDLSSKLNESINKAMININKFLNQCSVSY LMNSMIPYGVKRLEDFDASLKDALLKYIYDNRGTLIGQVDRLKDKVNNTLSTDIPFQLSK YVDNQRLLSTFTEYIKNIINTSILNLRYESNHLIDLSRYASKINIGSKVNFDPIDKNQIQ LFNLESSKIEVILKNAIVYNSMYENFSTSFWIRIPKYFNSISLNNEYTIINCMENNSGWK VSLNYGEIIWTLQDTQEIKQRVVFKYSQMINISDYINRWIFVTITNNRLNNSKIYINGRL IDQKPISNLGNIHASNNIMFKLDGCRDTHRYIWIKYFNLFDKELNEKEIKDLYDNQSNSG ILKDFWGDYLQYDKPYYMLNLYDPNKYVDVNNVGIRGYMYLKGPRGSVMTTNIYLNSSLY RGTKFIIKKYASGNKDNIVRNNDRVYINVVVKNKEYRLATNASQAGVEKILSALEIPDVG NLSQVVVMKSKNDQGITNKCKMNLQDNNGNDIGFIGFHQFNNIAKLVASNWYNRQIERSS RTLGCSWEFIPVDDGWGERPLGDLVPRGSANSSSVDKLWSHPQFEK SEQ ID NO 9: PAS100 rBoNT/A (amino acid sequence) MGSSHHHHHHGSLVPRSSSASPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAASPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAA SPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAASPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAASPAAPAPASPAAPAPSAPAA PFVNKQFNYKDPVNGVDIAYIKIPNAGQMQPVKAFKIHNKIWVIPERDTFTNPEEGDLNP PPEAKQVPVSYYDSTYLSTDNEKDNYLKGVTKLFERIYSTDLGRMLLTSIVRGIPFWGGS TIDTELKVIDTNCINVIQPDGSYRSEELNLVIIGPSADIIQFECKSFGHEVLNLTRNGYG STQYIRFSPDFTFGFEESLEVDTNPLLGAGKFATDPAVTLAHELIHAGHRLYGIAINPNR VFKVNTNAYYEMSGLEVSFEELRTFGGHDAKFIDSLQENEFRLYYYNKFKDIASTLNKAK SIVGTTASLQYMKNVFKEKYLLSEDTSGKFSVDKLKFDKLYKMLTEIYTEDNFVKFFKVL NRKTYLNFDKAVFKINIVPKVNYTIYDGFNLRNTNLAANFNGQNTEINNMNFTKLKNFTG LFEFYKLLCVRGIITSKAGAGKSLVPRGSAGAGALNDLCIKVNNWDLFFSPSEDNFTNDL NKGEEITSDTNIEAAEENISLDLIQQYYLTFNFDNEPENISIENLSSDIIGQLELMPNIE RFPNGKKYELDKYTMFHYLRAQEFEHGKSRIALTNSVNEALLNPSRVYTFFSSDYVKKVN KATEAAMFLGWVEQLVYDFTDETSEVSTTDKIADITIIIPYIGPALNIGNMLYKDDFVGA LIFSGAVILLEFIPEIAIPVLGTFALVSYIANKVLTVQTIDNALSKRNEKWDEVYKYIVT NWLAKVNTQIDLIRKKMKEALENQAEATKAIINYQYNQYTEEEKNNINFNIDDLSSKLNE SINKAMININKFLNQCSVSYLMNSMIPYGVKRLEDFDASLKDALLKYIYDNRGTLIGQVD RLKDKVNNTLSTDIPFQLSKYVDNQRLLSTFTEYIKNIINTSILNLRYESNHLIDLSRYA SKINIGSKVNFDPIDKNQIQLFNLESSKIEVILKNAIVYNSMYENFSTSFWIRIPKYFNS ISLNNEYTIINCMENNSGWKVSLNYGEIIWTLQDTQEIKQRVVFKYSQMINISDYINRWI FVTITNNRLNNSKIYINGRLIDQKPISNLGNIHASNNIMFKLDGCRDTHRYIWIKYFNLF DKELNEKEIKDLYDNQSNSGILKDFWGDYLQYDKPYYMLNLYDPNKYVDVNNVGIRGYMY LKGPRGSVMTTNIYLNSSLYRGTKFIIKKYASGNKDNIVRNNDRVYINVVVKNKEYRLAT NASQAGVEKILSALEIPDVGNLSQVVVMKSKNDQGITNKCKMNLQDNNGNDIGFIGFHQF NNIAKLVASNWYNRQIERSSRTLGCSWEFIPVDDGWGERPLGDLVPRGSANSSSVDKLWS HPQFEK SEQ ID NO 10: PAS200 rBoNT/A (nucleic acid sequence) ATGGGCAGCAGCCATCATCATCACCATCATGGTAGCCTGGTTCCGCGTAGCTCTTCTGCA AGTCCGGCAGCACCGGCACCGGCTTCACCAGCTGCACCAGCACCTAGCGCACCGGCAGCA TCTCCAGCAGCCCCTGCACCGGCAAGCCCTGCAGCTCCAGCACCGTCAGCACCAGCAGCA AGCCCAGCTGCTCCTGCTCCAGCGAGCCCAGCAGCGCCAGCTCCTAGTGCCCCTGCTGCC TCTCCTGCTGCTCCGGCACCAGCAAGTCCTGCTGCGCCTGCACCGAGTGCTCCGGCTGCT AGTCCTGCCGCACCAGCTCCGGCTAGTCCAGCTGCTCCAGCCCCTTCAGCTCCGGCAGCT TCCCCTGCAGCGCCTGCCCCTGCCAGTCCAGCGGCTCCTGCACCTAGTGCGCCTGCAGCT TCACCGGCTGCCCCTGCGCCAGCTTCTCCTGCGGCTCCAGCTCCATCTGCCCCAGCCGCA TCCCCAGCGGCACCAGCTCCAGCTTCTCCGGCAGCGCCAGCACCTTCTGCGCCTGCCGCA TCTCCTGCAGCACCAGCGCCTGCGAGTCCTGCAGCTCCTGCTCCTTCAGCCCCTGCGGCA AGTCCAGCAGCACCAGCCCCAGCAAGCCCAGCCGCACCAGCACCATCTGCCCCTGCAGCA CCATTTGTGAACAAGCAGTTTAACTATAAGGACCCGGTGAACGGTGTGGATATCGCGTAT ATCAAAATCCCGAATGCGGGCCAGATGCAACCAGTCAAGGCGilCAAGATTCATAACAAG ATTTGGGTTATTCCGGAACGTGATACCTTCACCAATCCGGAAGAAGGCGACTTAAACCCG CCGCCAGAAGCCAAACAAGTGCCGGTGAGCTACTATGATAGCACGTATCTTAGCACCGAT AATGAAAAAGACAATTACCTGAAGGGCGTGACCAAGTTGTTCGAGCGCATCTACAGTACC GACTTAGGCCGCATGTTGTTGACGAGCATCGTTCGCGGTATCCCGTTCTGGGGCGGCTCG ACCATTGATACCGAGTTGAAAGTCATTGACACGAACTGTATCAATGTTATCCAACCGGAC GGCAGTTATCGCAGCGAGGAGTTAAATTTGGTCATCATCGGTCCAAGCGCAGATATTATT CAGTTCGAATGCAAGAGCTTCGGCCATGAGGTCTTGAATTTGACGCGCAACGGTTACGGC AGCACCCAATACATCCGCTTTAGCCCGGATTTCACCTTTGGCTTCGAGGAGAGCTTGGAG GTGGACACCAACCCGCTGTTAGGTGCCGGCAAATTCGCAACCGACCCGGCAGTGACGTTG GCGCACGAATTGATTCATGCGGGTCACCGCTTATACGGTATCGCGATCAATCCGAATCGC GTCTTTAAAGTCAATACCAACGCGTACTACGAAATGAGCGGCTTAGAGGTTAGCTTTGAA GAATTACGCACCTTCGGTGGCCACGACGCCAAGTTCATCGACAGCCTGCAGGAAAATGAG TTCCGCTTGTACTATTACAATAAATTCAAGGACATCGCGAGCACCTTAAATAAAGCAAAG AGCATTGTGGGCACCACCGCAAGCTTGCAGTACATGAAGAACGTATTTAAGGAAAAATAT TTGTTGTCGGAGGATACCAGCGGGAAATTCAGCGTCGATAAGCTGAAATTCGACAAATTG TATAAAATGCTGACCGAGATTTACACCGAGGATAACTTCGTCAAGTTTTTTAAGGTGTTA AATCGTAAGACCTATTTAAACTTTGATAAAGCGGTGTTTAAAATTAATATCGTGCCGAAG GTGAATTACACCATCTACGATGGTTTCAATTTACGCAACACGAATCTGGCGGCGAATTTT AATGGCCAAAACACCGAAATTAACAACATGAACTTTACGAAGTTAAAGAATTTCACGGGC TTATTCGAATTCTACAAGTTATTATGCGTGCGCGGCATCATTACCAGCAAGGCAGGTGCG GGCAAGTCCTTGGTTCCGCGTGGCAGCGCCGGCGCCGGCGCGCTCAATGATCTGTGTATT AAAGTCAATAACTGGGACCTGTTCTTCAGCCCGAGCGAGGATAACTTTACCAACGACTTA AACAAAGGCGAGGAGATCACGAGCGATACGAACATCGAGGCGGCGGAGGAAAATATTAGC CTGGACCTCATTCAGCAGTACTATCTGACGTTCAATTTTGACAATGAGCCGGAGAACATC AGCATTGAAAATCTCAGCAGCGACATCATCGGTCAGTTGGAACTGATGCCGAACATTGAA CGCTTTCCGAACGGCAAAAAATATGAACTGGACAAGTATACCATGTTCCATTACTTACGC GCACAGGAATTTGAGCACGGCAAGAGCCGCATTGCGCTGACCAATAGCGTTAACGAGGCC TTGTTAAATCCGAGCCGTGTCTACACGTTCTTCAGCAGCGATTATGTCAAAAAAGTGAAC AAGGCGACCGAAGCCGCGATGTTTTTGGGCTGGGTCGAGCAATTGGTTTACGATTTTACC GACGAAACCAGCGAGGTGAGCACGACCGACAAAATTGCAGATATCACCATCATCATTCCG TACATCGGTCCGGCGCTCAATATCGGCAATATGTTATACAAGGACGACTTTGTGGGCGCG CTGATCTTTAGCGGCGCGGTTATCTTATTAGAATTCATCCCGGAGATCGCAATCCCGGTC TTGGGCACCTTTGCGTTGGTGAGCTATATCGCGAATAAAGTGCTCACGGTCCAAACCATC GATAACGCGCTCAGCAAGCGTAATGAGAAATGGGACGAGGTTTATAAGTATATCGTGACC AACTGGTTAGCAAAAGTCAATACGCAGATCGATCTCATCCGCAAAAAAATGAAAGAAGCC TTGGAAAATCAAGCGGAGGCAACCAAAGCCATCATTAATTACCAGTATAACCAATATACC GAAGAAGAAAAAAACAATATCAACTTCAATATCGATGATTTGAGCAGCAAACTGAACGAG AGCATTAACAAAGCGATGATTAACATCAACAAGTTCTTGAATCAATGCAGCGTGAGCTAT CTCATGAACAGCATGATCCCGTATGGCGTCAAACGCTTGGAAGATTTTGACGCCAGCCTG AAAGATGCGCTCCTCAAGTATATTTATGACAACCGCGGCACCCTCATTGGCCAGGTGGAC CGCTTGAAGGATAAAGTGAACAATACGCTCAGCACGGATATCCCGTTCCAGCTGAGCAAG TACGTCGACAACCAGCGCTTACTGAGCACCTTTACCGAGTATATCAAGAACATCATTAAT ACCAGCATCCTCAACTTGCGCTATGAGAGCAATCACCTGATCGACCTCAGCCGCTACGCC AGCAAGATCAACATCGGCAGCAAGGTCAATTTCGACCCGATCGATAAGAATCAGATCCAA TTGTTTAACCTGGAAAGCAGCAAGATCGAGGTTATCTTGAAGAACGCGATTGTGTACAAC AGCATGTACGAGAACTTTAGCACGAGCTTCTGGATTCGTATCCCGAAGTATTTCAATAGC ATTAGCCTGAATAACGAATATACCATTATCAACTGCATGGAAAATAATAGCGGCTGGAAG GTGAGCTTAAATTACGGCGAGATCATTTGGACCTTACAGGATACCCAAGAAATCAAACAG CGCGTCGTCTTTAAGTATAGCCAGATGATCAACATCAGCGATTACATCAACCGCTGGATC TTCGTGACCATCACCAATAATCGCTTGAATAATAGCAAGATTTACATCAATGGTCGCTTG ATTGATCAAAAACCGATCAGCAATCTCGGTAATATCCATGCCAGCAATAACATCATGTTT AAGTTAGACGGTTGCCGCGATACCCACCGCTATATCTGGATCAAGTATTTTAACTTATTT GATAAGGAACTCAACGAAAAGGAAATTAAAGACTTATATGACAATCAGAGCAATAGCGGC ATCCTGAAGGATTTCTGGGGCGACTACCTGCAGTACGATAAGCCGTACTATATGTTGAAC TTGTATGACCCGAACAAATATGTCGATGTGAACAATGTGGGTATTCGTGGCTATATGTAC TTAAAGGGCCCGCGTGGTAGCGTGATGACCACGAATATTTACTTAAACAGCAGCTTATAC CGCGGCACGAAGTTTATTATCAAGAAGTATGCCAGCGGCAACAAGGACAATATCGTCCGC AACAACGACCGTGTGTATATTAACGTGGTGGTGAAGAATAAAGAGTACCGCTTGGCCACG AATGCGAGCCAGGCGGGCGTGGAAAAAATCTTGAGCGCGTTGGAGATCCCGGACGTCGGC AACCTCAGCCAGGTTGTGGTGATGAAGTCTAAAAACGACCAGGGCATCACGAACAAGTGC AAAATGAATTTGCAAGATAACAACGGCAACGACATCGGCTTTATTGGTTTTCACCAGTTC AATAACATCGCCAAACTCGTGGCCAGCAATTGGTATAACCGCCAAATTGAACGCAGCAGC CGCACGCTCGGCTGTAGCTGGGAGTTCATCCCGGTGGACGATGGCTGGGGCGAGCGCCCG CTCGGAGATCTGGTGCCACGCGGTTCCGCGAATTCGAGCTCCGTCGACAAGCTTTGGAGC CACCCGCAGTTCGAAAAATAA SEQ ID NO 11: PAS100 rBoNT/A (nucleic acid sequence) ATGGGTAGCAGCCATCATCATCACCATCATGGTAGCCTGGTTCCGCGTAGCTCTTCTGCA AGTCCGGCAGCACCGGCACCGGCTTCACCAGCTGCACCAGCACCTAGCGCACCGGCAGCA TCTCCAGCAGCCCCTGCACCGGCAAGCCCTGCAGCTCCAGCACCGTCAGCACCAGCAGCA AGCCCAGCTGCTCCTGCTCCAGCGAGCCCAGCAGCGCCAGCTCCTAGTGCCCCTGCTGCC TCTCCTGCTGCTCCGGCACCAGCAAGTCCTGCTGCGCCTGCACCGAGTGCTCCGGCTGCT AGTCCTGCCGCACCAGCTCCGGCTAGTCCAGCTGCTCCAGCCCCTTCAGCCCCTGCAGCA CCATTTGTGAACAAGCAGTTTAACTATAAGGACCCGGTGAACGGTGTGGATATCGCGTAT ATCAAAATCCCGAATGCGGGCCAGATGCAACCAGTCAAGGCGTTCAAGATTCATAACAAG ATTTGGGTTATTCCGGAACGTGATACCTTCACCAATCCGGAAGAAGGCGATTTAAATCCG CCGCCAGAAGCCAAACAAGTGCCGGTGAGCTACTATGATAGCACGTATCTTAGCACCGAT AATGAAAAAGACAATTACCTGAAGGGCGTGACCAAGTTGTTCGAGCGCATCTACAGTACC GACTTAGGCCGCATGTTGTTGACGAGCATCGTTCGCGGTATCCCGTTCTGGGGCGGCTCG ACCATTGATACCGAGTTGAAAGTCATTGACACGAACTGTATCAATGTTATCCAACCGGAC GGCAGTTATCGCAGCGAGGAGTTAAATTTGGTCATCATCGGTCCAAGCGCAGATATTATT CAGTTCGAATGCAAGAGCTTCGGCCATGAGGTCTTGAATTTGACGCGCAACGGTTACGGC AGCACCCAATACATCCGCTTTAGCCCGGATTTCACCTTTGGCTTCGAGGAGAGCTTGGAG GTGGACACCAACCCGCTGTTAGGTGCCGGCAAATTCGCAACCGACCCGGCAGTGACGTTG GCGCACGAATTGATTCATGCGGGTCACCGCTTATACGGTATCGCGATCAATCCGAATCGC GTCTTTAAAGTCAATACCAACGCGTACTACGAAATGAGCGGCTTAGAGGTTAGCTTTGAA GAATTACGCACCTTCGGTGGCCACGACGCCAAGTTCATCGACAGCCTGCAGGAAAATGAG TTCCGCTTGTACTATTACAATAAATTCAAGGACATCGCGAGCACCTTAAATAAAGCAAAG AGCATTGTGGGCACCACCGCAAGCTTGCAGTACATGAAGAACGTATTTAAGGAAAAATAT TTGTTGTCGGAGGATACCAGCGGGAAATTCAGCGTCGATAAGCTGAAATTCGACAAATTG TATAAAATGCTGACCGAGATTTACACCGAGGATAACTTCGTCAAGTTTTTTAAGGTGTTA AATCGTAAGACCTATTTAAACTTTGATAAAGCGGTGTTTAAAATTAATATCGTGCCGAAG GTGAATTACACCATCTACGATGGTTTCAATTTACGCAACACGAATCTGGCGGCGAATTTT AATGGCCAAAACACCGAAATTAACAACATGAACTTTACGAAGTTAAAGAATTTCACGGGC TTATTCGAATTCTACAAGTTATTATGCGTGCGCGGCATCATTACCAGCAAGGCAGGTGCG GGCAAGTCCTTGGTTCCGCGTGGCAGCGCCGGCGCCGGCGCGCTCAATGATCTGTGTATT AAAGTCAATAACTGGGACCTGTTCTTCAGCCCGAGCGAGGATAACTTTACCAACGACTTA AACAAAGGCGAGGAGATCACGAGCGATACGAACATCGAGGCGGCGGAGGAAAATATTAGC CTGGACCTCATTCAGCAGTACTATCTGACGTTCAATTTTGACAATGAGCCGGAGAACATC AGCATTGAAAATCTCAGCAGCGACATCATCGGTCAGTTGGAACTGATGCCGAACATTGAA CGCTTTCCGAACGGCAAAAAATATGAACTGGACAAGTATACCATGTTCCATTACTTACGC GCACAGGAATTTGAGCACGGCAAGAGCCGCATTGCGCTGACCAATAGCGTTAACGAGGCC TTGTTAAATCCGAGCCGTGTCTACACGTTCTTCAGCAGCGATTATGTCAAAAAAGTGAAC AAGGCGACCGAAGCCGCGATGTTTTTGGGCTGGGTCGAGCAATTGGTTTACGATTTTACC GACGAAACCAGCGAGGTGAGCACGACCGACAAAATTGCAGATATCACCATCATCATTCCG TACATCGGTCCGGCGCTCAATATCGGCAATATGTTATACAAGGACGACTTTGTGGGCGCG CTGATCTTTAGCGGCGCGGTTATCTTATTAGAATTCATCCCGGAGATCGCAATCCCGGTC TTGGGCACCTTTGCGTTGGTGAGCTATATCGCGAATAAAGTGCTCACGGTCCAAACCATC GATAACGCGCTCAGCAAGCGTAATGAGAAATGGGACGAGGTTTATAAGTATATCGTGACC AACTGGTTAGCAAAAGTCAATACGCAGATCGATCTCATCCGCAAAAAAATGAAAGAAGCC TTGGAAAATCAAGCGGAGGCAACCAAAGCCATCATTAATTACCAGTATAACCAATATACC GAAGAAGAAAAAAACAATATCAACTTCAATATCGATGATTTGAGCAGCAAACTGAACGAG AGCATTAACAAAGCGATGATTAACATCAACAAGTTCTTGAATCAATGCAGCGTGAGCTAT CTCATGAACAGCATGATCCCGTATGGCGTCAAACGCTTGGAAGATTTTGACGCCAGCCTG AAAGATGCGCTCCTCAAGTATATTTATGACAACCGCGGCACCCTCATTGGCCAGGTGGAC CGCTTGAAGGATAAAGTGAACAATACGCTCAGCACGGATATCCCGTTCCAGCTGAGCAAG TACGTCGACAACCAGCGCTTACTGAGCACCTTTACCGAGTATATCAAGAACATCATTAAT ACCAGCATCCTCAACTTGCGCTATGAGAGCAATCACCTGATCGACCTCAGCCGCTACGCC AGCAAGATCAACATCGGCAGCAAGGTCAATTTCGACCCGATCGATAAGAATCAGATCCAA TTGTTTAACCTGGAAAGCAGCAAGATCGAGGTTATCTTGAAGAACGCGATTGTGTACAAC AGCATGTACGAGAACTTTAGCACGAGCTTCTGGATTCGTATCCCGAAGTATTTCAATAGC ATTAGCCTGAATAACGAATATACCATTATCAACTGCATGGAAAATAATAGCGGCTGGAAG GTGAGCTTAAATTACGGCGAGATCATTTGGACCTTACAGGATACCCAAGAAATCAAACAG CGCGTCGTCTTTAAGTATAGCCAGATGATCAACATCAGCGATTACATCAACCGCTGGATC TTCGTGACCATCACCAATAATCGCTTGAATAATAGCAAGATTTACATCAATGGTCGCTTG ATTGATCAAAAACCGATCAGCAATCTCGGTAATATCCATGCCAGCAATAACATCATGTTT AAGTTAGACGGTTGCCGCGATACCCACCGCTATATCTGGATCAAGTATTTTAACTTATTT GATAAGGAACTCAACGAAAAGGAAATTAAAGACTTATATGACAATCAGAGCAATAGCGGC ATCCTGAAGGATTTCTGGGGCGACTACCTGCAGTACGATAAGCCGTACTATATGTTGAAC TTGTATGACCCGAACAAATATGTCGATGTGAACAATGTGGGTATTCGTGGCTATATGTAC TTAAAGGGCCCGCGTGGTAGCGTGATGACCACGAATATTTACTTAAACAGCAGCTTATAC CGCGGCACGAAGTTTATTATCAAGAAGTATGCCAGCGGCAACAAGGACAATATCGTCCGC AACAACGACCGTGTGTATATTAACGTGGTGGTGAAGAATAAAGAGTACCGCTTGGCCACG AATGCGAGCCAGGCGGGCGTGGAAAAAATCTTGAGCGCGTTGGAGATCCCGGACGTCGGC AACCTCAGCCAGGTTGTGGTGATGAAGTCTAAAAACGACCAGGGCATCACGAACAAGTGC AAAATGAATTTGCAAGATAACAACGGCAACGACATCGGCTTTATTGGTTTTCACCAGTTC AATAACATCGCCAAACTCGTGGCCAGCAATTGGTATAACCGCCAAATTGAACGCAGCAGC CGCACGCTCGGCTGTAGCTGGGAGTTCATCCCGGTGGACGATGGCTGGGGCGAGCGCCCG CTCGGAGATCTGGTGCCACGCGGTTCCGCGAATTCGAGCTCCGTCGACAAGCTTTGGAGC CACCCGCAGTTCGAAAAATAA SEQ ID NO 12: VPASA100 VPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVP ASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASA SEQ ID NO 13: VAPSA100 VAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVA PSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSA SEQ ID NO 14: VPASA100-rBoNT/A (amino acid sequence) MGSSHHHHHHGSLVPRSVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASA VPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAVPASAPFVNKQF NYKDPVNGVDIAYIKIPNAGQMQPVKAFKIHNKIWVIPERDTFTNPEEGDLNPPPEAKQVPV SYYDSTYLSTDNEKDNYLKGVTKLFERIYSTDLGRMLLTSIVRGIPFWGGSTIDTELKVIDT NCINVIQPDGSYRSEELNLVIIGPSADIIQFECKSFGHEVLNLTRNGYGSTQYIRFSPDFTF GFEESLEVDTNPLLGAGKFATDPAVTLAHELIHAGHRLYGIAINPNRVFKVNTNAYYEMSGL EVSFEELRTFGGHDAKFIDSLQENEFRLYYYNKFKDIASTLNKAKSIVGTTASLQYMKNVFK EKYLLSEDTSGKFSVDKLKFDKLYKMLTEIYTEDNFVKFFKVLNRKTYLNFDKAVFKINIVP KVNYTIYDGFNLRNTNLAANFNGQNTEINNMNFTKLKNFTGLFEFYKLLCVRGIITSKAGAG KSLVPRGSAGAGALNDLCIKVNNWDLFFSPSEDNFTNDLNKGEEITSDIN'EAAEENISLDL IQQYYLTFNFDNEPENISIENLSSDIIGQLELMPNIERFPNGKKYELDKYTMFHYLRAQEFE HGKSRIALTNSVNEALLNPSRVYTFFSSDYVKKVNKATEAAMFLGWVEQLVYDFTDETSEVS TTDKIADITIIIPYIGPALNIGNMLYKDDFVGALIFSGAVILLEFIPEIAIPVLGTFALVSY IANKVLTVQTIDNALSKRNEKWDEVYKYIVINWLAKVNTQIDLIRKKMKEALENQAEATKAI INYQYNQYTEEEKNNINFNIDDLSSKLNESINKAMININKFLNQCSVSYLMNSMIPYGVKRL EDFDASLKDALLKYIYDNRGTLIGQVDRLKDKVNNTLSTDIPFQLSKYVDNQRLLSTFTEYI KNIINTSILNLRYESNHLIDLSRYASKINIGSKVNFDPIDKNQIQLFNLESSKIEVILKNAI VYNSMYENFSTSFWIRIPKYFNSISLNNEYTIINCMENNSGWKVSLNYGEIIWTLQDTQEIK QRVVFKYSQMINISDYINRWIFVTITNNRLNNSKIYINGRLIDQKPISNLGNIHASNNIMFK LDGCRDTHRYIWIKYFNLFDKELNEKEIKDLYDNQSNSGILKDFWGDYLQYDKPYYMLNLYD PNKYVDVNNVGIRGYMYLKGPRGSVMTTNIYLNSSLYRGTKFIIKKYASGNKDNIVRNNDRV YINVVVKNKEYRLATNASQAGVEKILSALEIPDVGNLSQVVVMKSKNDQGITNKCKMNLQDN NGNDIGFIGFHQFNNIAKLVASNWYNRQIERSSRTLGCSWEFIPVDDGWGERPLGDLVPRGS ANSSSVDKLWSHPQFEK SEQ ID NO 15: VAPSA100-rBoNT/A (amino acid sequence) MGSSHHHHHHGSLVPRSVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSA VAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAVAPSAPFVNKQF NYKDPVNGVDIAYIKIPNAGQMQPVKAFKIHNKIWVIPERDTFTNPEEGDLNPPPEAKQVPV SYYDSTYLSTDNEKDNYLKGVTKLFERIYSTDLGRMLLTSIVRGIPFWGGSTIDTELKVIDT NCINVIQPDGSYRSEELNLVIIGPSADIIQFECKSFGHEVLNLTRNGYGSTQYIRFSPDFTF GFEESLEVDTNPLLGAGKFATDPAVTLAHELIHAGHRLYGIAINPNRVFKVNTNAYYEMSGL EVSFEELRTFGGHDAKFIDSLQENEFRLYYYNKFKDIASTLNKAKSIVGTTASLQYMKNVFK EKYLLSEDTSGKFSVDKLKFDKLYKMLTEIYTEDNFVKFFKVLNRKTYLNFDKAVFKINIVP KVNYTIYDGFNLRNTNLAANFNGQNTEINNMNFTKLKNFTGLFEFYKLLCVRGIITSKAGAG KSLVPRGSAGAGALNDLCIKVNNWDLFFSPSEDNFTNDLNKGEEITSDIN'EAAEENISLDL IQQYYLTFNFDNEPENISIENLSSDIIGQLELMPNIERFPNGKKYELDKYTMFHYLRAQEFE HGKSRIALTNSVNEALLNPSRVYTFFSSDYVKKVNKATEAAMFLGWVEQLVYDFTDETSEVS TTDKIADITIIIPYIGPALNIGNMLYKDDFVGALIFSGAVILLEFIPEIAIPVLGTFALVSY IANKVLTVQTIDNALSKRNEKWDEVYKYIVINWLAKVNTQIDLIRKKMKEALENQAEATKAI INYQYNQYTEEEKNNINFNIDDLSSKLNESINKAMININKFLNQCSVSYLMNSMIPYGVKRL EDFDASLKDALLKYIYDNRGTLIGQVDRLKDKVNNTLSTDIPFQLSKYVDNQRLLSTFTEYI KNIINTSILNLRYESNHLIDLSRYASKINIGSKVNFDPIDKNQIQLFNLESSKIEVILKNAI VYNSMYENFSTSFWIRIPKYFNSISLNNEYTIINCMENNSGWKVSLNYGEIIWTLQDTQEIK QRVVFKYSQMINISDYINRWIFVTITNNRLNNSKIYINGRLIDQKPISNLGNIHASNNIMFK LDGCRDTHRYIWIKYFNLFDKELNEKEIKDLYDNQSNSGILKDFWGDYLQYDKPYYMLNLYD PNKYVDVNNVGIRGYMYLKGPRGSVMTTNIYLNSSLYRGTKFIIKKYASGNKDNIVRNNDRV YINVVVKNKEYRLATNASQAGVEKILSALEIPDVGNLSQVVVMKSKNDQGITNKCKMNLQDN NGNDIGFIGFHQFNNIAKLVASNWYNRQIERSSRTLGCSWEFIPVDDGWGERPLGDLVPRGS ANSSSVDKLWSHPQFEK 

1. A recombinant clostridial neurotoxin comprising a random coil domain, wherein (i) said random coil domain consists of the amino acid sequence (Xaa)_(x)-[(P,A,S)_(y-)(Xaa)-]_(z)(P,A,S)_(y)-(Xaa)_(x), wherein Xaa is an amino acid residue independently selected from any naturally occurring amino acid residue, provided that at least one Xaa in [(P,A,S)_(y)-(Xaa)-]_(z) is different from an alanine, serine or proline residue; optionally wherein Xaa is valine; (P,A,S) represents an amino acid residue independently selected from an alanine (A), a serine (S) and a proline (P) residue; x is a number independently selected from 0 and 1; y is a number independently selected from 3 and 4; and z is 9 or more, optionally z is a number between 9 and 750; or wherein (ii) said random coil domain consists of alanine, serine and proline residues; or wherein (iii) said random coil domain comprises a plurality of amino acid repeats, wherein said repeats consist of Ala, Ser, and Pro residues and wherein no more than six consecutive amino acid residues are identical.
 2. The recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of claim 1, wherein said random coil domain comprises an amino acid sequence consisting of at least 50 amino acid residues forming random coil conformation, optionally between 50 and 3000 amino acid residues, optionally between 60 and 500 amino acid residues, optionally between 70 and 260 amino acid residues, optionally between 80 and 240 amino acid residues, optionally between 90 and 220 amino acid residues, optionally 100 amino acid residues, 150 amino acid residues, or 200 amino acid residues.
 3. The recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of claim 1, wherein the proline residues comprised in said random coil domain constitute more than 4% and less than 40% of the amino acids of said random coil domain.
 4. The recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of claim 1, wherein said random coil domain comprises at least one amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (VPASA)₂₀ (SEQ ID NO: 12) and (VAPSA)₂₀ (SEQ ID NO: 13); or circular permuted versions or (a) multimer(s) of these sequences as a whole or parts of these sequences, optionally (VPASA)20 (SEQ ID NO: 12).
 5. The recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of claim 1, wherein said random coil domain is inserted at (i) the N-terminus of the light chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin; (ii) the C-terminus of the light chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin; (iii) the N-terminus of the heavy chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin; or (iv) the C-terminus of the heavy chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin, particularly at the N-terminus of the light chain of said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin.
 6. The recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of claim 1, wherein the sequence of said clostridial neurotoxin is selected from the sequence of (i) a Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, optionally Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, C and E, optionally Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, or (ii) from the sequence of a functional variant of a Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin of (i), or (iii) from the sequence of a chimeric Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin, wherein the clostridial neurotoxin light chain and heavy chain are from different clostridial neurotoxin serotypes; optionally wherein said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin has a light chain and a heavy chain comprised in the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO: 14, or SEQ ID NO:
 15. 7. The recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of claim 1, wherein said recombinant clostridial neurotoxin shows increased duration of effect relative to an identical clostridial neurotoxin without said random coil domain, optionally wherein the increased duration of effect is due to an increased biological half life.
 8. The recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of claim 1 for treatment of a disease requiring improved chemodenervation, wherein the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin causes longer lasting denervation relative to an identical clostridial neurotoxin without said random coil domain.
 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of claim
 1. 10. A recombinant clostridial neurotoxin of claim 1 for cosmetic treatment.
 11. A method for the generation of a recombinant clostridial neurotoxin according to claim 1, comprising obtaining a recombinant nucleic acid sequence encoding a recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin by the insertion of a nucleic acid sequence encoding said random coil domain into a nucleic acid sequence encoding a parental clostridial neurotoxin, optionally wherein said method further comprises heterologously expressing said recombinant nucleic acid sequence in a host cell, optionally in a bacterial host cell, most particularly optionally in an E. coli host cell.
 12. A recombinant single-chain clostridial neurotoxin precursor for a disulfide-linked di-chain clostridial neurotoxin, comprising a functionally active clostridial neurotoxin light chain, a functionally active neurotoxin heavy chain, a loop region linking the C-terminus of the light chain with the N-terminus of the heavy chain, and random coil domain as defined in claim 1, optionally wherein the sequence of said clostridial neurotoxin is selected from the sequence of (i) a Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, B, C, D, E, F, and G, optionally Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, C and E, optionally Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, or (ii) from the sequence of a functional variant of a Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin of (i), or (iii) from the sequence of a chimeric Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin, wherein the clostridial neurotoxin light chain and heavy chain are from different clostridial neurotoxin serotypes; optionally wherein said recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin has the amino acid sequence as found in SEQ ID NO: 14, or SEQ ID NO:
 15. 13. A nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant single-chain clostridial neurotoxin of claim
 12. 14. A method for obtaining the nucleic acid sequence of claim 13, comprising inserting a nucleic acid sequence encoding a random coil domain into a nucleic acid sequence encoding a parental clostridial neurotoxin.
 15. A vector comprising the nucleic acid sequence of claim 13, or the nucleic acid sequence obtainable by a method comprising inserting a nucleic acid sequence encoding a random coil domain into a nucleic acid sequence encoding a parental clostridial neurotoxin.
 16. A recombinant host cell comprising the nucleic acid sequence of claim 13, the nucleic acid sequence obtainable by the method comprising inserting a nucleic acid sequence encoding a random coil domain into a nucleic acid sequence encoding a parental clostridial neurotoxin, or a vector comprising said sequence.
 17. A method for producing the recombinant single-chain precursor clostridial neurotoxin of claim 12, comprising expressing a nucleic acid sequence encoding the recombinant single-chain clostridial neurotoxin 3, or the nucleic acid sequence obtainable by a method comprising inserting a nucleic acid sequence encoding a random coil domain into a nucleic acid sequence encoding a parental clostridial neurotoxin, or the vector comprising said sequence in a recombinant host cell, or cultivating recombinant host cell comprising the sequence under conditions that result in the expression of said nucleic acid sequence. 